The Pathogenesis of Down’s Syndrome Essay -- Science Medical Genetics

The Pathogenesis of beats Syndrome follow ups syndrome (DS) is the most common ride of cordial retardation in the United States. It occurs with a frequency of wholeness in 700 live births. The complaint is caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 as a ensue of chromosomal mutation (95% nondisjunction, 5% translocation) during carrell division, leading to a entirety of 47 chromosomes instead of the normal number, 46. there be no individuals with the clinical signs of DS who do not hold at least partial trisomy of chromosome 21. Conversely, there are no cases of people with trisomy 21 who do not have DS (Patterson, 1987). Patients suffer from a variety of physical and rational problems. Physically, the disease manifests itself in epi brush offthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial nerve features, unusual palm creases, unchewable flaccidity and short stature (Patterson, 1987). many another(prenominal) are born with indwelling heart defects and increas ed risk for cataracts, leukemia and Alzheimers disease. In addition to the anatomical pervertedities, DS patients suffer from biochemical imbalances including steep levels of purines - a condition that can by itself lead to neurological impairment, mental retardation, and immunodeficiencies. The life expectancy for DS patients is approximately 30 years. However, with advancing medical checkup care and therapy more patients are living to the age of 50. All individuals with DS over the age of 35 develop the same kind of abnormal microscopic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the whiz as people who die from Alzheimers disease, the major cause of presenile dementia. Although a vast amount of literature exists on DS, little is known nigh why the presence of an extra chromosome causes mental retardation. In addition to ... ...ogy and experimental Neurology, 49 509-518. Ferrer, I., Gullotta, F. (1990) bulges Syndrome and Alzheimers Disease Dendritic prickle Counts in the Hip pocampus. Acta Neuropathol, 79 680--685. Mann, D. M. A., Brown, A., Prinja, D., Davies, C. A., Landon, M., Masters, C. L., Beyreuthers, K. (1989) An Analysis of the geomorphology of Senile Plaques in Downs Syndrome Patients of Different Ages Using Immunocytochemical and Lectin Histochemical Techniques. Neuropathology and apply Neurobiology, 15 317-329. Patterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. scientific American, 255 52-60. Takashima, S., Ieshima, A., Nakamura, H., Becker, L. (1989) Dendrites, Dementia and the Down Syndrome. Brain Development, 11 131-133. Wisniewski, K., Bobinski, M. (1991) Hypothalamic Abnormalities in Down Syndrome. The Morphogenesis of Down Syndrome., 153-167. The Pathogenesis of Downs Syndrome Essay -- Science Medical genetic science The Pathogenesis of Downs Syndrome Downs syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of mental retardation in the United States. It occurs with a frequency of one in 700 live births. The disease is caused by t he presence of three copies of chromosome 21 as a result of chromosomal mutation (95% nondisjunction, 5% translocation) during cell division, leading to a total of 47 chromosomes instead of the normal number, 46. There are no individuals with the clinical signs of DS who do not have at least partial trisomy of chromosome 21. Conversely, there are no cases of people with trisomy 21 who do not have DS (Patterson, 1987). Patients suffer from a variety of physical and mental problems. Physically, the disease manifests itself in epicanthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial features, unusual palm creases, muscular flaccidity and short stature (Patterson, 1987). Many are born with congenital heart defects and increased risk for cataracts, leukemia and Alzheimers disease. In addition to the anatomical abnormalities, DS patients suffer from biochemical imbalances including elevated levels of purines - a condition that can by itself lead to neurological impairment, mental retardation, and i mmunodeficiencies. The life expectancy for DS patients is approximately 30 years. However, with advancing medical care and therapy more patients are living to the age of 50. All individuals with DS over the age of 35 develop the same kind of abnormal microscopic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain as people who die from Alzheimers disease, the major cause of presenile dementia. Although a vast amount of literature exists on DS, little is known about why the presence of an extra chromosome causes mental retardation. In addition to ... ...ogy and Experimental Neurology, 49 509-518. Ferrer, I., Gullotta, F. (1990) Downs Syndrome and Alzheimers Disease Dendritic Spine Counts in the Hippocampus. Acta Neuropathol, 79 680--685. Mann, D. M. A., Brown, A., Prinja, D., Davies, C. A., Landon, M., Masters, C. L., Beyreuthers, K. (1989) An Analysis of the Morphology of Senile Plaques in Downs Syndrome Patients of Different Ages Using Immunocytochemical and Lectin Histochemical Tech niques. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 15 317-329. Patterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. Scientific American, 255 52-60. Takashima, S., Ieshima, A., Nakamura, H., Becker, L. (1989) Dendrites, Dementia and the Down Syndrome. Brain Development, 11 131-133. Wisniewski, K., Bobinski, M. (1991) Hypothalamic Abnormalities in Down Syndrome. The Morphogenesis of Down Syndrome., 153-167.

me :: essays research papers

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Welcome to Life :: Essays Papers

pleasant to LifeDear mother, can you hear me whining? (Green Day) When some(prenominal)thing was difficult what did you do, particularly when you were a young child? You whined. That was the way you got people to pay anxiety to you. You hoped that this way they could make life better for you. Complaining to your mother testament make ein truththing better. That is the logic that many young children are taught. Life is divergent as you reach different stages and becomes more difficult each clip you reach a peeled challenge. The stages start with your being well-heeled in your surroundings, well protected by your family. As you stimulate older, you begin to grow apart from the people and the area that you were once close to. You start to go on your own path. This path leads you to a new place with which you whitethorn not be as comfortable. The song Welcome to Paradise by the punk-rock band Green Day explains the difficulty of moving away from al-Qaida and how flattually li fe will get better and you will call back that you are not as dependant on your family. The song Welcome to Paradise begins a mere three weeks after the boy has unexpended his home. He is writing a letter telling his mother how fearful it is to be away from home. He feels he is alone this is a s dispensey feeling. He reaches out to the audience by discussing a feeling that many young people have recently experienced.I remember when I first started college, whether I want to admit it or not, I was scared. I moved to a new location three hours away from my tippy room and, for the first time, I had to do my own laundry, take care of myself, and keep my area clean and livable. These were new and challenging tasks. At times, even though there are forty-two thousand people here, it feels very lonely, as if you are the only one going through this situation. Everyone experiences some sort of uncomfortable feeling when they have to move to a new location and start a new stage in their l ives. From personalized experience a college senior explains how he felt up the first solar day he moved to live at college, I definitely felt like I was in some strange limbo evenfall Zone kind of placeIt wasnt a very comfortable feeling at all.

Essay --

In nowadayss society in that location be a cast of issues that may affect a number of Americans. One issue that is a big topic in todays society is the issue of Illegal Immigration. Whether we should grant illegals drivers licenses, amnesty, deport them, how it affects the U.S. economically, and some might even lease them as terrorists. Those are just a few topics that we may call for being brought up. It is possible to see this touchy cognitive content on television, or it may be a debate at school, or you may read about it in the newspaper. It is a cause that catches alot of peoples attention and some might not even care to touch on the subject because of the repercussion.What is Illegal Immigration? Generally, the term illegal immigrant refers to a person from another(prenominal) country who is presently in the United States without authorization to remain here(predicate). This includes anybody who is here intending to stay permanently or temporarily. It also includes anybody whose visa is not current. sometimes people enter without permission (sneaking across a border, for example), but umteen people do enter with a visa, but then the visa expires and the person continues to remain in the country. There are many reasons why an illegal immigrant would like to come to the United States. It could be to get a develop job to support their family or to get a better education. There are pros and cons to Illegal immigration. One of the pros is that Illegal immigrants contribute to the tax income system by paying sales tax. Also, Illegal immigrants who purchase significant estate properties also pay real estate taxes. In return, this generates commissions for the agents and brokers. In addition, since the illegal immigrants enjoy the banking services of the country, they pay inter... ...t to come legally to do the jobs Americans dont want, but our broken immigration system does not allow that to happen. If there were legal channels for these migrant s to use. The government could concentrate on identifying the real terrorists. Instead, the government is wasting money and manpower trying to clutches out the immigrant workers the U.S. economy needs. That makes the job of determination a terrorist like finding a needle in a haystack.Topics such as terrorist threats, DLs, commove on our economy, deportation, amnesty and the term Illegal Immigrant are just a few topics that people often consider when taking on the subject of Illegal Immigration. So whether you are for or against it, that is your opinion. As for me, as farsighted they are not out committing serious crimes or hurting anyone and are trying to do better for themselves and their families, just let them be.

Dufays Piece for Peace: an Ironic Battle Between Structure and Word Es

Dufays Piece for Peace an Ironic Battle amid Structure and WordOn April 8, 1433, the Pope Eugenius and Sigismundus, King of the Romans, unit of measuremented to chump a treaty of placidity. The king was crowned Holy Roman emperor and there was much celebration. To commemorate this joyful occasion, Guillame Dufay wrote the motet Supremum est mortalibus bonum (The highest good for mortals is peace), including the names of these twain honored men in his great sustained chords some the contributions conclusion (Bent, CD notes). Dufays main text is shared by his pate two voices, the triplum and motetus, and is divided into two stanzas. The first 12 lines comprising the first stanza announce of the benefit of peace to men of all classes and of the freedom and joy it brings to the inbred world. The second stanza, encompassing the final 8 lines, prays for the eternity of peace and praises Eugenius and Sigismundus, the envoys of peace. Dufay guardedly sets these words to music, c olorfully painting their meanings before our eyes through his rich melodious lines. Ironically, however, as he also struggles to bring isorhythmic structure and support to his work, he battles between text and design, foregoing a sense of peace to realize a curious collage of his musical ideas.Dufays motet is of isorhythmic design, employing a repeating song line that moves slowly beneath the other parts, functioning as a foundation for the work. As noted by Grout, isorhythmic motets have airs built up of colors (the repeating series of pitches) and talea (the long recurring rhythmic unit).1 Dufays tenor has six 15 bar units of a certain talea. His piece is curious, for we could interpret it as having two colors, since the entire melodic line of the tenor repeats only o... ... the last three measures of the works introduction, bringing the motet full circle. The last two beats of bar 119 tease us with odd tension and variance on the final men, which is peacefully resolved on th e final meter of bar 120. (Play Example 12) With Supremum est Mortalibus bonum Dufay has created a piece that lavishly illustrates text plot of ground also employing fauxbourdon and isorhythmic design. With so many competing forces fighting to be displayed and heard, Dufays work more or less peace is ironically at war with itself. Though a fine composition on all these levels, a careful listening and abstract leaves us feeling unsettled and certainly not at peaceWorks Cited1Grout, Donald J. and Claude V. Palisca, A History of Western Music, (New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1996) 104-105.2 The New grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vol. F, 434.

Howards End :: essays research papers

Young, handsome Helen has left her London home to visit the Wilcox family estate, Howards End. (Helen and hersister Margaret met Mr. Wilcox and his wife duration traveling in Germany.) Margaret was also invited toHowards End, but stayed home to care for their 16-year-old pal Tibby who has hay fever. From Howards End, Helen sends Margaret several letters describing the beautiful estate and the energetic, materialistic Wilcoxes. Her die hard letter sends a shock through Margaret when she reads it Helen has fallen in sleep with with Paul the youngest Wilcox son.When Mrs. Wilcox dies not long afterward, she leaves a handwritten note scum bag asking that Howards End be given to Margaret. But her pragmatic husband, hydrogen, a prominent businessman, and her greedy son Charles, astruggling businessman, refuse to good turn on the matter and never mention it to Margaret. One night, Margaret andHelen run into heat content, and they discourse the case of Leonard Bast Henry warns them that Leonards insurance company is doomed to failure, and they offer him to find a new job. But poor Leonard, who associates theSchlegels with all things ethnical and romantic--he reads constantly, hoping to better himself--resents this intrusion into his business life and accuses them of trying to profit from his fellowship of the insurance industry.Margaret and Henry develop a halting, gradual friendship. When the lease expires at Wickham Place,the Schlegels begin looking for another house (their landlord wants to follow the general cut off and replace theirhouse with a more profitable apartment building). Henry offers to rent them a house he owns in London, andwhen he shows it to Margaret, he suddenly proposes to her. She is surprised by her happiness, and after considering the proposal, she accepts.Shortly before Margaret and Henry are scheduled to be married, Henrys daughter Eviemarries a man named Percy Cahill the wedding ceremony is held at a Wilcox estate near Wales. Aft er the party, which Margaret finds quite unpleasant, Helen arrives in a disheveled state, with the Basts in tow. She declares indignantly that Leonardhas left his old company, plant a new job, and been summarily fired he is now without an income. Helen angrily blames Henry for his ill-considered advice. Margaret asks Henry to give Leonard a job, but when he seesJacky Bast, he realizes that he had an affair with her 10 years ago, when she was a victimize in Cyprus. Margaretforgives him for the indiscretion--it was before they even met--but she writes to Helen that there will be no job

Iago of Shakespeares Othello :: free essay writer

 Iago of Othello   Of all the cites presented in Shakespe ares literature the most coloured one is without a doubt Iago. He is a ruthless sociopath. No other character can even come close to his evil. approximately of the antagonists present in Shakespeares manoeuvres acquit valid reasons for the troubles the cause. Iago doesnt for the most part he effective has a burning hatred for the world especially Othello. Iago is the wholly reason on that point is any conflict in Othello . If he neer had entered the play Othello would have married Desdimonia and they would have lived happily ever afterwards. decently from the beginning of the play to the real(prenominal) end he causes conflicts. He is at a time or indirectly responsible for the deaths of Othello Desdimona, Emilia, Cassio, and Roderigo. Which happen to be all of the master(prenominal) characters. I count Shakespeare didnt just want Iagos character to be evil. I think he wanted him more to symbolize i t. All of the problems he causes are through and through lies, treachery, manipulation, and a deep unknown detest. Some of his hate is fueled by jealousy and revenge. The ironic part is that he wants to be known as honest Iago. Every act contains an evil patch set up by Iago. They all play into his grand object. In the very beginning of act 1 Iago displays his hatred for Othello. He is angry at him for making Cassio the lieutenant. Jealousy is his startle motif. He than ascertains Roderigo (a origin suitor of Desdimonia) that Othello and Desdimonia are castting married. The two of them then go and tell Desdimonias father, Brabantio that Othello and his daughter just got eloped. This infuriates Brabantio. Soon after Brabantio gets a gang after Othello. Iagos treachery is first displayed hear. When Othello is confronted Iago is on his side. Iago was the person who insighted the whole ordeal. Act 1-3 is where Iago pieces together his whole drab plot to get revenge. He first te lls Roderigo to cope his lands and move to cypress tree to court Desdimonia. The last stanza is where he manifests his grand dodging. His idea is to get Othello into thinking Cassio is in love with Desdimonia. That way Cassio result be fired from lieutenant and Othello will lose Desdimonia. Shakespeare does a very good furrow in showing what kind of person Iago is decent from the beginning of the play.Iago of Shakespeares Othello step down essay writer Iago of Othello   Of all the characters presented in Shakespeares literature the most sinister one is without a doubt Iago. He is a ruthless sociopath. No other character can even come close to his evil. Most of the antagonists present in Shakespeares plays have valid reasons for the troubles the cause. Iago doesnt for the most part he just has a burning hatred for the world especially Othello. Iago is the whole reason there is any conflict in Othello . If he never had entered the play Othello would have married Desdimonia and they would have lived happily ever after. Right from the beginning of the play to the very end he causes conflicts. He is directly or indirectly responsible for the deaths of Othello Desdimona, Emilia, Cassio, and Roderigo. Which happen to be all of the main characters. I believe Shakespeare didnt just want Iagos character to be evil. I think he wanted him more to symbolize it. All of the problems he causes are through lies, treachery, manipulation, and a deep unknown hate. Some of his hate is fueled by jealousy and revenge. The ironic part is that he wants to be known as honest Iago. Every act contains an evil plot set up by Iago. They all play into his grand scheme. In the very beginning of act 1 Iago displays his hatred for Othello. He is angry at him for making Cassio the lieutenant. Jealousy is his first motif. He than tells Roderigo (a former suitor of Desdimonia) that Othello and Desdimonia are getting married. The two of them then go and tell Desdimonias fathe r, Brabantio that Othello and his daughter just got eloped. This infuriates Brabantio. Soon after Brabantio gets a gang after Othello. Iagos treachery is first displayed hear. When Othello is confronted Iago is on his side. Iago was the person who insighted the whole ordeal. Act 1-3 is where Iago pieces together his whole sinister plot to get revenge. He first tells Roderigo to sell his lands and move to Cypress to court Desdimonia. The last stanza is where he manifests his grand scheme. His idea is to get Othello into thinking Cassio is in love with Desdimonia. That way Cassio will be dismissed from lieutenant and Othello will lose Desdimonia. Shakespeare does a very good job in showing what kind of person Iago is right from the beginning of the play.