An Exercise in Market Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

An Exercise in Market Orientation - Essay Example Thru the evolution of time, the rudiments became to be more complex as taxes, trade caravans and other forms of business negotiations began to take shape. It does not necessarily follow that our business concepts today are different from past practices. Indeed, some of the elements of modern business and marketing practices that we know of today were actually practiced as early as the time of the Ancient Greeks, the Phoenicians and the Venetian traders. The marketing concept now commonly dubbed as the market orientation finds its first proponent in Adam Smith when he forwarded the notion that the customer should be the focus of the business in the 1700's. However, it was only in the 1960s when the marketing concept was reintroduced. Nevertheless, from a short span of time, it has become the philosophical foundation for marketing academics and practitioners alike. As we have said earlier, the term 'market orientation' was originally known as 'marketing concept'. There were many who advocated customer satisfaction as the primary objective of business (Drucker 1954, Keith 1960, Levitt 1960). However, the doctrine has been more of an article of faith than a practical basis for managing a business (Day 1994). Thru the works of Kohli and Jaworski (1990), the term 'marketing concept' was differentiated from 'market orientation' with the former being a business philosophy whereas the later refers to the actual implementation of the marketing concept. 1.3 Other Business Orientations There are other business orientations aside from marketing orientation. These are Sales orientation and Production orientation. Market orientation, however, was tagged as superior among the group. In this paper, we proceed to define what Market Orientation is (i.e. its structures, focus, processes) and compare it to the other business orientations. 2. Comparing Business Orientations 2.1 Definition and Focus A marketing oriented firm is one where strategic decisions are driven by the wants and needs of the customers. We can only speculate that it is the driving logic behind the formulation of the saying that "the customer is always right". All aspects of the firm are designed to systematically respond and create customer value. Later on in this paper, we will be discussing a market oriented company. (Narver and Slater, 1990) The concept of marketing orientation was reintroduced and developed in the late 1960s by scholars of the Harvard University with the participation of a number of companies. (Tutor2u.Net, 2006) A marketing oriented firm has the following characteristics: Extensive use of marketing research Broad product lines Emphasis on a product's benefits to customers rather than on product attributes Use of product innovation techniques The offering of ancillary services like credit availability, delivery, installation, and warranty A production oriented firm is concerned primarily with production, manufacturing, and efficiency issues and was eminent during the 1950's period. The basic notion behind this concept is best expressed by French economist Jean-Baptiste Says who forwarded the notion that 'supply creates its own demand'. Simply put, the concept revolves around the notion that if a product is made, somebody will

The Appeal of The Old Man and the Sea Essay Topics

The Appeal of The Old Man and the Sea Essay Topics It is essential for me to realize that the value I give to my own books is a value which I can measure by the pleasure they've given me in entertainment and knowledge. As soon as I started reading the first couple of pages, I discovered the description to be somewhat vivid, as though it was happening to me. Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure Designed to choose the PBS series, this website gives a fantastic deal of biographical and background details. Write a book to remain busy. It's also about fortitude. Life For others it's the eventual appreciation of love and kids, regardless of the ups and downs. Although everyone does. The Upside to the Old Man and the Sea Essay Topics Age isn't an element in their relationship. This is great for students to enter the mindset of the characters. At the close of the story, it's the reader who must conclude whether he's rewarded or not. Although this sentence may not appear to contain much imagery, the term phosphorescent is very special here. His story becomes everybody's story and, being such, becomes genuinely uplifting. There's a lot to be learnt from this superb story, besides the myriad terms employed by seamen like harpoon', skiff' and tiller'. Details of the Old Man and the Sea Essay Topics He feels like he is king of the planet because he managed to beat such a fantastic fish. He makes the decision to eat a tuna he's caught as a way to give him strength because of his ordeal. However, in the fight, he loses a huge area of the fish. To die battling such a potent fish wouldn't be dishonorable. His experience for a fisherman gives him the victory he wins over nature herself in the shape of the huge marlin and the sharks. The fish is strong, however, and doesn't come up. And the very best fisherman is you. The marlin nibbles around the hook for some moment, refusing to select the bait fully. The Foolproof Old Man and the Sea Essay Topics Strategy In society, everyday there are those who strive, sweat, and bleed so they can fulfill certain shallow ambitions in life as a way to acquire acceptance for a consequence of achievement and to steer clear of humiliation due to failure. Genuine perseverance isn't the type of persistence that's blind. Now the 1 trophy that may proudly display his worldly efforts is totally picked apart. Choosing our service, you will realize that studying can be simple if you gain from the help of capable experts. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. This undertaking will help students see they could do mor e in a day, which might also aid with their ambitions for school and life generally. Group projects are a really good way to get students learn to work with a number of personalities and cultures within a course. Whenever you opt to ask us for expert support, don't hesitate to get in touch with our support managers. He's got the very best advice for you on several problems. Disadvantages of the online communication via the net although there are lots of benefits, researchers argue some disadvantages of an. Fortunately, a number of these challenges can define a person. The Old Man and the Sea Essay Topics and the Old Man and the Sea Essay Topics - The Perfect Combination The story includes a stubborn old man who used to be a wonderful fisherman. Nonetheless, the boy proceeds to look after the old man upon his return each evening. The old man doesn't mind. The guy and the boy remain one with one another, even during isolation from one another. The movie uses 29,000 images he along with his son, Dimitri, painted on glass over two decades. Becoming impoverished is next to a deficiency of well being in which is a required element for a guy to be an actual man. That said I feel it would even be fair to say that is my favourite place on the planet. So How About the Old Man and the Sea Essay Topics? What sort of hand is that,'' Santiago states, Cramp then if you would like. Santiago's character is a great model for us. Santiago ultimately survives, but he fails to win. Santiago has a whole lot of endurance. The War Against the Old Man and the Sea Essay Topics Because this resort only have 5 villas to select from, you are going to find it is an excellent option for romantic and honeymooning couples who rather keep away from the hustle and bustle of a bigger resort. You need to have all pieces of the test under control before you demonstrate your skills in their complete entirety. BUN tests should be done a specific wa y. It won't be any different than every other blood test you've received.

Middle School Argumentative Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About

Middle School Argumentative Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About When you develop this kind of essay, you should make your claims by your composition so it will be open fordebate. You could also see academic essay. The essay ought to have a little bit of structure, unlike a normal essay. Your essay should consist of recent statistics and data from reliable sources. Before concluding the essay, it is crucial to summarise with a strong emphasis on the subject. Argumentative essay is just one of the most frequent tasks that you might have, and truth be told, among the most interesting. Argumentative essays utilize logic, facts, and reasoning to learn the victor. It is crucial to note an argumentative essay and an expository essay could be similar, but they vary greatly with respect to the quantity of pre-writing and research involved. Introducing Middle School Argumentative Essay Topics The argumentative essay has a certain format that must be followed to blow the mind of the reader, and it's especially helpful for students and the corporate when making strategic proposals. Writing an argumentative essay is a skill that anyone in school should know, even though it can be useful outside the classroom, also. Frequently students are permitted to choose argumentative essay topics independently, which can be both challenging and interesting at t he exact same moment. Not only that but they will be able to access their online courses and be able to follow the lecture through powerpoints. Argumentative arguments are merely arguments that are written back on paper. Any superior task finishes with a fantastic conclusion and the very best examples of the argumentative essay will arrive in with a conclusion which has an overview of all of the points together with a gist of the evidences provided. An argumentative essay is a kind of essay that presents arguments about each side of a problem. It is a type of thesis or composition where you have to present your view and attempt to convince others that your facts and arguments are correct. Frequently the discussions become heated up as debates and wind up as arguments. Nonetheless, the emphasis should remain straightforward and explicit. While arguing with different opinions, you've lost the focus. When the topic was decided, it is critical to come up with an argument surrounding the exact same. You will then have to approach the subject by gathering, generating, and evaluating credible sources to back up your evidence. Look through the list of topics with care and start making a mental collection of the evidence you may use on topics you want. A superb method to tell if your topics is an argument topic is to see whether you can debate your topic employing the info you find. To begin with, it's required to start out with choosing a topic. A Startling Fact about Middle School Argumentative Essay Topics Uncovered An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do. The primary reason why somebody is writing an argumentative essay is to make an effort to persuade or sway another man or perhaps a group of men and women in your rightness in a particular theme. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Middle School Argumentative Essay Topics With the assistance of such samples and templates, students may find a general idea about the undertaking, understand its structure and get fresh ideas on this issue. One of the primary explanations for why children don't want to see school is bullying. After all, a youngster enjoys every minute with their loved ones. Not every kid is born to be physically fit, and lots of children have a tendency to suffer from illnesses that could prevent them from getting a greater grade in Gym. The thing you ought to do so as to structure an argumentative essay is to set a claim that's debatable. Whatever the truth is, make sure the essay is appealing and generate interest among the readers to participate in the debate. As soon as you get to the conclusion, you ought to make a synthesis of the human body of your paper. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some important components which make it better in the practice of convincing. Essay writing per se is no simple endeavor to do. It has been around for quite a long time. The superb argumentative Scholarship Essay Samples formats and samples are just world-class, and they'll inspire folks to write argumentative essays in various competitions. It is possible to also see Writing Template. It is crucial to check reviews about essay writing services in order to be confident they can deliver your task before the deadline. Working to an argumentative essay when you're learning first steps, isn't an easy endeavor to do. Well, grading papers are often quite dull. Many teachers will supply you with books, websites, and documents you can use for your essay.

The Fundamental Problem Of Exchange In Long Distance Trade Essay Example for Free

The Fundamental Problem Of Exchange In Long Distance Trade Essay How did medieval merchants solve the fundamental problem of exchange in long distance trade? What light does this shed on the prosperity of the Venetian Republic and Portugal before 1700? Trading has been an elementary part of economies since the advantages of it were discovered. The ability to exchange goods greatly contributes to economic efficiency as it enables us to capture gains from natural comparative advantage and division of labour. There are evident gains from trade when a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a good. A country is said to have absolute advantage in production if it can produce the same amount of output with less inputs relative to other countries. This brings about a stronger economy, as there is greater specialisation and technical innovation, which has positive impact on the economy in the long run. There are also gains in trade when a country has a comparative advantage in the production of a good. This is when the opportunity cost for producing a good is lower than that of another country. This results in a higher aggregate output, which means that gains can be split between both countries. The fundamental problem of exchange has existed since the advantages of trade were discovered. It says that even if there are potential gains from trade, trade may still not occur as the lender will not want to lend without being assured that the borrower will not invest the money in a hopeless venture, or take the money and run. It is very difficult to be sure that the person on the other end of a deal will fulfil their contractual obligation. In short, in the absence of commitment, an exchange will not take place. The arguments against trade, if the other side of the bargain wants the maximum gain for him or herself, can be seen very clearly by using the one-sided prisoners dilemma. Player I has the choice of either conducting an exchange or not. If no exchange is conducted, then both player I and II realise no gain. If player I does decide to exchange, player II has the choice to either cooperate or to renege. Both sides gain if player II cooperates, but if we are assuming that player II wants to maximise their own self interest then player II will decide to renege, in which case player I will be worse off. It is possible however that player I will anticipate this happening and so decide not to exchange in the first place. This leaves us in the initial position of both sides not realising any gains from trade and no one being any better or worse off. For the trade to therefore take place, it is essential that player II can guarantee that they will keep to their side of the bargain and not renege. A way for this to successfully occur arose in Europe, as institutions were developed through the formation of merchant guilds. Economic institutions are defined here as a system of social factors, such as rules, beliefs, norms and organisations, that guide, enable and constrain the actions of individuals; thereby generating regularities of behaviour. Merchant guilds were formed in order to act as a deterrent of opportunistic behaviour, both between merchants themselves and between merchants and the state. Within the merchant community itself, the majority of merchants traded through networks of kinship and the exchange of hostages. Networks worked extremely well in deterring opportunistic behaviour, as those with good reputations would carry out many trades, as they were trusted in the community. The fact that reputations also took a long time to build up and could be quickly erased made them of extreme value to people. It was also possible to use strategic marriages and trade through families if you wanted to be sure both sides of a trade were secure. As a medieval ruler would have a local monopoly of the area he ruled, he would be faced with the temptation of abusing his power and appropriating merchants. Merchants therefore devised a solution to combat this problem, which was by organising a boycott of a state that abused the rights of a merchant. This deters predatory behaviour by the ruler, as it is not desirable to deprive the population, the ruler and the merchants the benefits of trade. It therefore has the potential to work very well, but the problem is that it can be very difficult to sustain as some merchants may see ways of maximising their personal gains by renegotiating with the ruler, causing the boycott to deteriorate. It was therefore vital if planning a state boycott to ensure rules were set out to prevent this from happening. Venice played a major role in re-opening the Mediterranean economy to western European commerce after the post-Roman Empire collapse, and the establishment of effective protection for merchants was crucial in this. Venice was very different to other economies of its time as the state was able to create an institutional framework that was favourable to merchant capitalism. It did many things, including the creation of political and legal institutions that guaranteed property rights and enforced contracts; it created a government bonds market, a fiscal system and a democratic system of governance. The creation of the government bonds market was one of the earliest financial markets created. It formed ways of raising funds for the government through compulsory loans on which interest was regularly paid, which is directly comparable to modern day government bonds. It is possible to see just how prosperous the Venetian Republic was in comparison to other European countries by looking at the GDP per Capita it had. In 1500, it had a GDP of $1100, which was far larger than other countries; the UK had a GDP of $714, Spain $698 and the second highest GDP per capita was Belgium with $875. This shows just how prosperous the Venetian Republic really was. Between 1147 and 1249, Portugal emerged from Arab rule. It did so with a significantly different political regime in comparison with that of Venice, as military aristocracy and the church became major landowners, and the interests of the church and the state became very closely linked. The fact that it was placed very well geographically meant that it was able to develop a strong empire through its unearthing of new trade routes and voyages of discovery. The Portuguese state was willing to give Jewish merchants and scholars refuge after they were driven out of Spain, as they recognised the value they had to society through the skills they were able to bring. They were able to provide scientific development, as well as being providing valuable links in trading with the Islamic world. This allowed important networks to be built up, which increased the volume of trade that Portugal came into contact with and so built up its strength as an empire. Although Portugal was extremely successful in its core business areas of shipping and trade, this success did not lead to successful wider development. This can be seen when looking at figures for per capita income before the nineteenth century, which gives an estimate of the per capita income of Portugal of $632. This is far lower than other relatively similarly dominant economies, such as Italy and Belgium, who had per capita incomes of $1100 and $875 respectively. The reason for this can be given by the fact that in general, agriculture and industry were the determining factors when analysing the per capita incomes, and in Portugal these industries were quite underdeveloped relative to other countries. In comparison to Portugal, Venice was far more prosperous. Not only when looking at the per capita incomes, but also when seeing how much more developed the Venetian institutional framework was. It was formed to be favourable to merchant capitalism, which vastly strengthened its trading platform as a country, and therefore the amount of money it was able to make. Trading was only possible through solving the fundamental problem of exchange. Over time, ways of solving the problem became more sophisticated; from using boycotts and networks of trust, to legal frameworks and courts of law. We have been able to become more affluent as economies due to the advantages that trade brings us, as can be seen looking at examples of economies from hundreds of years ago that first experienced the prosperity that trade brought. We have also been able to see the importance that institutions hold in nurturing and maintaining an environment that is favourable to trade, namely in Venice. References: The Fundamental Problem of Exchange: A research agenda in Historical Institutional Analysis Avner Greif, 2000 Cambridge University Press Maryam Shakiba L100

Boot Camps and Juvenile Crime Essay -- Juvenile Crime Boot Camps Incar

Boot Camps and Juvenile Crime Five years ago, responding to an increase in serious juvenile crime, the state of Maryland initiated one of the nation's largest boot camp programs for teenage criminals. The program, called the Leadership Challenge, quickly became the model for other states. But last week, after reviewing a task force report that documented instances of physical abuse at their camps, Maryland officials appeared on the verge of conceding that the current initiative was a failure. Military-style discipline may work as punishment at juvenile boot camps, but it has not been effective as rehabilitation. The Maryland experience, together with problems in other states, has already led some states to close their boot camps and even to rethink how their penal laws treat young offenders. All in all, it is a remarkable turn of events for an idea that was once greeted as a breakthrough in the fight against juvenile crime There is increasing evidence that boot camps never worked. A national study last year by the Koch Crime Institute, a public policy group in Topeka, Kan., showed that recidivism among boot camp attendees ranged from 64 percent to 75 percent, slightly higher than for youths sentenced to adult prisons. Gerald Wells, a senior research associate at the Koch Institute, said of the report, "The shocking parts are the allegations of abuse, but the more alarming parts are the failures." Research has also shown, according to Mr. Wells and other penal justice experts, that these camps were grounded in a false and unexamined assumption. "People thought boot camps shaped up a lot of servicemen during three wars," Mr. Wells added. "But just because you place someone in a highly structured environment with discipline, does not mean once they get home, and are out of that, they will be model citizens." Boot camps have their roots in the 1970's, with the advent of large, well-organized and extremely violent street gangs. In response to these groups, many states began to imprison more young people. By the 1990's, as the number of repeat juvenile offenders rose to record levels, it became clear that prison sentences were not working. In 1994, nearly 10,000 juveniles were charged with criminal offenses, an all-time high. More than 2,300 of them were charged with murder, compared with fewer than 1,000 in 1980, according to th... ...and they also need to learn respect, self-respect, discipline and a new way of conducting themselves in society," Ms. Townsend said. "Facilities that provide structure and discipline can be run effectively and have a role in our fight after juvenile crime." Many experts disagree, citing the expense of running such programs properly. "It's a budget issue," said Doris Mackenzie, a University of Maryland criminology professor. "They are popular in the public, people feel we should treat these kids tough, and everyone can get onto the bandwagon," she said. "But when it comes to this extra expense of doing the follow-up, we find, the money is not there." In any case, juvenile crime has been falling since 1994, after an overall drop in the nation's juvenile population. This will make it highly unlikely, say political observers, that voters will agree to pay for individualized rehabilitation. Much more likely, they say, is that the 27,000 young people who once went to boot camp each year will instead be sent to prison. As bad as boot camps have proved to be, Mr. Wells added, "once you start incarcerating kids, you have lost. But unfortunately, that is where we seem headed."

Health and Health Promotion Essay

A traditional approach to health care in general is one in which the goal of intervention is disease management in an attempt to minimize the harmful effects of a health crisis. Once a health crisis occurs, the quality of life for an individual is already negatively impacted. Therefore, health promotion is an equally, if not more important, component of health care that aims to improve the quality of life. Through the primary prevention efforts of health promotion, emphasis on avoiding disease and adopting a healthy lifestyle offers the greatest opportunity for a healthy and fulfilling life. As primary care givers, nurses play an important role in health promotion by demonstrating proper attitudes and behavior modeling, by providing valuable patient education and by advocating for and empowering patients and their families. There are numerous nursing theories which provide a framework for nurses to employ health promoting strategies in their practice. Defining Health and Health Promo tion One of the most widely used definitions of health is that of the World Health Organization (WHO): â€Å"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† Since the publishing of the WHO definition, changes in population demographics, the aging of society, and the changing nature of disease have caused researchers to question the relevance of this definition in today’s world. One criticism is that the concept of complete health disregards those with chronic illnesses who can learn to live fulfilling lives (Huber et. al, 2011). According to O’Donnell (2009) health is not a constant  state, but a state that continually evolves with life circumstances. Regardless, health isclearly a complex state that exists both to, and apart from, its relationship to illness. Health promotion is a process that benefits both the individual and society. The essence of health promotion is the preservation of health. Caring for the sick is a reactive intervention to health care issues whereas health promotion is a proactive strategy for prevention. An important step necessary to shift the momentum of healthcare to a proactive role is making the public aware of how they can actively participate in managing and improving their own health. As noted by Jadelhack (2012), â€Å"Health promotion is carried out by and with people, not on or to people† (p. 85). Education is a key factor in this step, as well as providing people with the resources needed to live out strategies for a healthy lifestyle. Improved health reduces healthcare costs and improves the overall quality of life. The Role of Nursing Theory Nursing theory and nursing practice are interrelated processes, and neither one holds value without the other. Theories unapplied are speculative, and practice without purpose is ineffective. To adequately participate in health promotion strategies, nurses must understand the basis for, and the goal of, their practice. Two theories that demonstrate health promotion are Neuman’s Systems Model and Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing. Both models provide a solid framework for nurses to develop and employ health promotion strategies when caring for their patients. In the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), application of these theories can contribute to the health status of both infants and their families. These theories complement each other in the process of the developmental care practices that are found to be an essential component of health promotion in this unique patient population. Two Theories Betty Neuman’s System model focuses on how patients respond to environmental stressors, and on how nurses can help maintain wellness through the use of prevention strategies aimed at attaining, maintaining, or retaining what Neuman’s model refers to as patient system wellness. According to this theory, patients are multidimensional beings, having a physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, spiritual and developmental element.  Maintaining stability in all these elements is necessary for preserving the state of wellness. The internal environment, the external environment, and the created environment can both positively or negatively affect wellness. Neuman proposes that illness and death are the results of environmental stressors that deplete the patient’s energy resources needed to maintain a state of health. It would stand to reason then, if stressors are reduced or eliminated, less energy would be consumed and could be available for the process of health maintenance. Similarly, Sister CallistaRoy’s Adaptation Model addresses the interaction between an individual and their environment. This model considers an individual’s ability to adapt to a changing environment. According to Roy, adaptation involves how a person views themselves, their role in a situation, interdependence, and meeting physiological needs. Two important processes in the adaptation theory include an automatic physiological response and a coping mechanism which facilitate the adaptive process. Practical Application Both Neuman’s and Roy’s theories are applicable in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), a highly specialized area of nursing that cares for one of the most vulnerable patient populations; the preterm and critically ill infant. Both theories focus on the patient and their environment. The very nature of the NICU environment can negatively affect the infant who is already struggling with an imbalance in their internal environments. Immature physiological, structural, and neurological systems are not prepared to handle the external world outside the womb. Using Newman’s model, nursing practices aimed at reducing stress from the external environment and those facilitating stability within the internal environment of the infant are key to optimizing outcomes for the at-risk premature infant. The practice of developmentally supportive care evolved from the realization that preterm infants are not only affected by the external environment of the NICU, but are also a ctive members responding to their environment and caregivers (Gibbins et. al, 2008). Core measures for developmentally supportive care include protected sleep, pain and stress assessment and management, developmental activities of daily living, family-centered care and a healing environment are identified as health promotion interventions for the NICU patient (Coughlin, Gibbins, & Hoath,  2009). Practices such as cycled lighting, low noise levels, facilitated handling, and kangaroo care are measures which help reduce the negative effects of the NICU environment, stabilize the internal environment of the infant, and promote positive human relationships. The principles of Roy’s Adaptation Model can be applied to the process of family-centered care as it relates to a parent’s ability to adapt to the unexpected delivery of a premature infant. This unexpected event interferes with the psychosocial adaptation of the family, complicating transition to parenthood and the incorporation of a new child into the family system (Zimmerman & Bauersachs, 2012). Allowing parents to be active participants in their infant’s care is a key factor toward promoting emotional, psychological, and physical health of the members in the family unit. Barriers to Health Promotion Because of the unique environment of the NICU, barriers to health promotion activities through developmental and family-centered care efforts lie in family, health care provider and institutional challenges rather than in the NICU patient themselves. Problems with inadequate resources, insufficient staffing, and a lack of education and support for both nursing and parents often impede these efforts (Bamm & Rosenbaum, 2008). Interventions used in the stabilization of infants and competition for resources often draw nurses toward task oriented care, pushing parents to the â€Å"periphery of the NICU environment† (Galarza-Winton et. al., 2013). Fear, insecurity, and powerlessness are barriers for parents that can be abated by developing strong nurse-parent relationships based on mutual respect and trust, and through the promotion of family-centered care. Successful health promotion through developmental care practices are evidenced by parental bonding and confidence in caregiving as well as improved weight gain, earlier discharge, and improved developmental outcomes for infants. Conclusion Despite advances in health care, health care costs continue to rise. In 2006, costs in the U.S. exceeded two trillion dollars, with three-fourths of that money used to treat chronic diseases (Goetzel, 2009). Smoking, alcohol and drug use, obesity, inactivity, poor quality nutrition, and limited access to health care are all examples of modifiable risk factors that contribute to illness and chronic disease. Poor health reduces the general  quality of life and places a burden on individuals, families, and societies. Strategies for health promotion must be developed at many levels including the community, healthcare providers and the government. The aim of health promotion is empowering people to take responsibility for their health, as well as providing them with adequate preventative care. As Benjamin Franklin once noted â€Å"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.† References Bamm, E., & Rosenbaum, P. (2008). Family-centered theory: Origins, development, barriers, and supports to implementation in rehabilitation medicine. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(8), 1618-1624. http://dx.doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.034 Betty Neuman’s System Model. (2012). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Neuman.html Coughlin, M., Gibbins, S., & Hoath, S. (2009). Core measures for developmentally supportive care in neonatal intensive care units: theory, precedence and practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(10), 2239-2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.0502.x Galarza-Winton, M., Dicky, T., O’Leary, L., Lee, S. K., & O’Brien, K. (2013). Implementing family-integrated care in the NICU: Educating nurses. Advances in Neonatal Care, 13(5), 335-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ANC.0b013e3182a14cde Gibbins, S., Hoath, S., Coughin, M., Gibbins, A., & Franck, L. (2008). The universe of de velopmental care: a new conceptual model for application in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Advances in Neonatal Care, 8(3), 141-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ANC.0000324337.01970.76 Goetzel, R. A. (2009). Do prevention or treatment services save money? The wrong debate. Health Affairs, 28 (1), 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.37 Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., Van der Horst, H., Jadad, A. R., Kromhaut, D., †¦ Smid, H. (2011, ). How should we define health? British Journal of Medicine, 343 (6). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4163 Jadelhack, R. (2012). Health promotion in nursing and cost-effectiveness. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 19(2), 65-68. Retrieved from http://searchebscohost.com/login.aspx.?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=2011602897&site=nrc=perc Roy’s Adaptation Model. (2013). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Modelhttp://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Roy_adaptation_model.html The electric Ben Franklin: A quick biography of Benjamin Franklin. (n. d.). Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.ushistory.org/FRANKLIN/info/ World Health Organization. (1948). Official Records of the World Health Organization. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://who.int/about/definition/en/print.html Zimmerman, K., & Bauersachs, C. (2012). Empowering NICU parents. International Journal of Childbirth Education, 27(1), 51-53. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced?sid=6bc9fd5c-0677-4c08-9ea1-16196308d26b%40sessionmgr4001&vid=4&hid=4214&bquery=TI+(empowering+nicu+parents)&bdata=JmRiPWM4aCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl

criminal justice Essay - 1318 Words

Tushnets A Court Divided By R. Anastasia Tremaine - February, 2005 Tushnets A Court Divided Tushnet (2005) takes an insightful look into the current Supreme Court and what it means for the future in his work entitled A Court Divided. Much has been discussed about the Court, particularly since the 2000 election ended up being referred to the judicial branch of government. Constitutional law has always been fascinating subject, as it broaches the areas of guaranteed legal protections. Landmark decisions change the course of history and determine which rights the people have and have not. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The book addresses the obvious problems. First, the author identifies the division between liberal and†¦show more content†¦Although he does not say so in so many words, the author does express the idea that the court is predictable when one has the right tools of analysis, but it is not predictable based on the ratio of conservative to liberal judges. That is a misnomer. Of course, if that is the case, much attention that is paid to the appointment of judges is not warranted. Hence, the author expresses a point that has been made by some but is largely disfavored by a media that loves to accentuate the relevance of appointments. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tushnet’s (2005) point is this: he claims that judges are activists in their own way. This is quite a controversial position. Not only does he make this blanket statement but he goes through the court, judge by judge, and discerns each of their preferences. The reason why this is controversial is that the concept of judicial activism itself is controversial. Historically, during the judicial review process, restraint is admired. Judicial restraint is about trying to maintain the integrity of the Constitution, even if it means holding on to unfavorable legislation or not acting according to conscience. 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